1. INTRODUCTION
introduction adalah sebuah perkenalan atau pengenalan. Selain itu arti introduction yang lainnya yaitu bisa menjadi kata pengantar, kata pendahuluan, prawacana, prakata, dan lainnya. Introduction dalam pengenalan biasanya dilakukan bagi mereka yang merupakan sosok baru di sebuah lingkungan, seperti lingkungan sekolah ataupun tempat kerja.
Berikut ini beberapa point saat kalian melakukan introduction:
1. Nama/Name
2. Asal/Country
3. Alamat/Address
4. Usia/Age
5. Keluarga/Family
6. Ulang tahun/Birthday
7. Nomor telepon/Phone number
8. Media sosial/Social media
9. Pekerjaan/Jobs
10. Hobi/Hobbies
11. Pendidikan/Education
Berikut ini beberapa contoh introduction tersebut:
1. Nama
Nah, untuk memperkenalkan nama, terdapat banyak kalimat yang bisa digunakan. Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh self introduction untuk memperkenalkan nama:
- Hi, my name is Vina Pikria Aenun. (Halo, nama saya Vina Pikria Aenun)
- Hi, I am Vina Pikria Aenun. (Halo, saya Vina Pikria Aenun)
2. Umur
Oke, setelah memperkenalkan nama, biasanya lawan bicaramu akan bertanya umur dan tanggal lahir. Nah, berikut ini adalah contoh self introduction untuk menyatakan umur yang bisa kalian gunakan:
- I am 18 years old. (Saya berumur 18)
- I was born on June 10th, 2004. (Saya lahir pada tanggal 10 Juni 2004)
3. Tempat Tinggal
Materi introduction my self lainnya yang tak kalah penting yaitu menjelaskan tempat tinggal dan asal elo. Misalnya, saat ditanya “Where are you from?” atau “Where do you come from?”.
Nah, kalian bisa menjawabnya dengan menggunakan kalimat seperti di bawah ini:
- I am from Majalengka. (Saya berasal dari Majalengka)
4. Hobby dan Asal Sekolah
Pertanyaan mengenai hobby merupakan pertanyaan yang sering ditanyakan. Nah, berikut ini adalah contoh introduction my self untuk menyatakan hobby:
- My hobby is Drawing and singing. (Hobi saya menggambarkan dan menyanyi)
5. Cita-Cita
Pertanyaan mengenai cita-cita juga sering kali ditanyakan sehingga kita perlu mengetahui cara menjawabnya. Berikut adalah contoh kalimat introduction my self untuk menyatakan cita-cita:
- I want to be a singer when I grow up. (Saya ingin menjadi penyanyi ketika saya dewasa)
2. PRESENT TENSE, PAST TENSE, FUTURE TENSE 1.) Present Tense Secara umum, rumus simple present tense adalah Subject + Verb 1(s/es) + Complement untuk kalimat positif dengan pola verbal. Kalau polanya nominal, maka rumus present tense menjadi Subject + auxiliary verb (to be) + Complement.
Example : Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia (Indonesia adalah negara di Asia Tenggara).
2.) Past Tense Secara umum, rumus simple past tense adalah subject + verb 2 + object + complement.
Example : My mom and I went to the zoo yesterday (Saya dan ibu pergi ke kebun binatang kemarin)
3.) Future Tense Will/Shall + Subject + Verb. Keterangan: "Will" digunakan untuk I, You, We, They, He, She, dan It. "Shall" hanya digunakan untuk I, dan We.
Example : Are they going to go to Dufan tomorrow ? (Apakah mereka akan pergi ke Dufan besok ?)
3. ADVERB OF FREQUENCY, SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS TENSE 1.) Adverb of Frequency
Adverb of Frequency adalah sebuah kata atau frasa yang mengekspresikan seberapa sering kegiatan tersebut dilakukan oleh seseorang. Frasa yang akan kita temukan dalam Adverb of Frequency ini di antaranya adalah daily, weekly, often, rarely, dan lain sebagainya.
Example :
I and my family go to the zoo every week to see our favorite orang utan.our favorite animals. (Saya dan keluarga saya pergi ke kebun binatang setiap minggu untuk melihat hewan favorit kami.)
2.) Continuous Tense
Rumusnya adalah e (am/are/is) + subject + verb1-ing + complement. Untuk contoh kalimatnya, kita masih menggunakan kalimat awal yang diubah menjadi kalimat tanya atau interogatif yes/no question, ya.
e (am/are/is) + subject + verb1-ing + complement
Example : I am reading an English book now. (Saya sedang membaca buku Bahasa Inggris sekarang).
4. PAST PERFECT TENSE Past perfect tense is a change in the form of the verb to express that there was an event or action that was completed at a point in the past, before any other action (in the past too) occurred.
Example : (+) When I arrived in Jakarta, Rara had already returned to Bandung. (Ketika Jakarta, Rara sudah kembali ke Bandung).
(-) She had not studied Japanese before she moved to Japan. (Dia tidak belajar bahasa Jepang sebelum dia pindah ke Jepang).
(?) Had your father watched the movie before they gone home? (Apakah ayahmu sudah menonton film ketika mereka pulang?)
5. SOCIAL EXPRESSIONS Expressions in English and common sayings are very important to learn for every English speaker. As with Indonesian, English also has its own words to express something.
Example :
A: Bye! Have a nice day!B: Thanks. Same to you. See you later.A: Right! At about four o'clock?B: Well, er...school doesn't finish till four.A: Oh, OK! See you about 4:30, then!
6. SUFFIXES Suffixes is an element of a word affix that is placed at the end of a rooted word. Adding these word elements will form a different meaning in words that are given endings. When a word is given a suffixes, the word will experience a change in word class.
Example :
Noun Suffixes : acy, age, al, an, ant, ary, ate, action, er, ing. Contoh kata turunan : Happiness, kingdom. Verb suffixes : ate, en, er
7. COMPOUND WORDS Compound words is occur when two orang more words combine to form one individual word or a phrase that acts as one individual word. Common examples of compound words include ice cream, firefighter, and up-to-date.
Example :
- Real estate- Attorney general- Half brother- Living room- Break down- Catch up- Give away- Rocking chair- Parking lot- Bus stop
8. CAPTION Caption text is a short text that is used to complete an image. Writing captions that are embedded under photos or pictures are usually written with a mature mind so that the upload can be liked by people who see it.
Jenis-jenis caption :
- Identification - Grup Caption- Story Telling- Summary- Quote- Cutline- Expanded- Generic Structure Caption Text- Title- Lead- Section heading
Example :- Identification Caption
“Indonesian badminton player wins gold medal in 2021 Olympics.” (Pemain Bulu Tangkis Indonesia raih medali emas Olimpiade 2021).
- Group Caption
“Beyonce and her daughter were seen in Los Angeles attending a wedding. They both wore pink dresses and were seen entering the venue with Kim Kardashian and Kanye West.” (Beyonce dan putrinya terlihat di Los Angeles menghadiri pernikahan. Mereka berdua mengenakan gaun pink dan terlihat memasuki venue bersama Kim Kardashian dan Kanye West).
- Summary Caption
“This aerial picture shows the graves of victims of the COVID-19 coronavirus at the Okunoin cemetery in Japan on August 7, 2021.” (Gambar udara ini menunjukkan kuburan korban virus corona COVID-19 di pemakaman Okunoin di Jepang pada 7 Agustus 2021).
- Quote Caption
‘Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration’ – Thomas Edison. (Jenius adalah satu persen inspirasi dan 99 persen keringat).
- Cutline Caption
“Rachmawati Soekarnoputri, the second daughter of Sukarno visits residents of the Luar Batang area of North Jakarta on May 26, 2015.” (Rachmawati Soekarnoputri, putri kedua Soekarno mengunjungi warga kawasan Luar Batang Jakarta Utara pada 26 Mei 2015).
- Expanded Caption
British journalist Martin Bashir arrives at Santa Barbara County Superior Court in Santa Maria to be the first witness to be called at Michael Jackson’s child sex abuse trial. The BBC was under pressure on May 21, 2021, after unprecedented criticism from the royal family about its 1995 interview with princess Diana, damaging its reputation as it fights attacks on several fronts. (The Jakarta Post).
9. SKIMMING AND SCANNING As the name implies, scan means "to scan", aka "to look carefully". In text skimming, we read quickly without looking at details. While the scanning reading technique is a way of reading text quickly and carefully to find the specific information you need.
Example :
- Skimming example :
when someone reads an article without reading the full article. What you get and read is the main point of the article. Another example could be reading opinions or news in newspapers or newspapers
- Scanning example :
Watching public transportation lines such as trains to get to the desired place. For example, someone who wants to go to the Rumah Bambu tourist spot in West Bandung can carry out the scanning process by looking at the map on the Google Maps application without having to know the entire map.
10. MAKING INFERENCES, PARAPHRASING, SUMMARY- Making Inferences
Making an inference involves using what you know to make a guess about what you don't know or reading between the lines. Readers who make inferences use the clues in the text along with their own experiences to help them figure out what is not directly said, making the text personal and memorable.
Example :
if you notice someone making a disgusted face after they've taken a bite of their lunch, you can infer that they do not like it
- Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is the rewriting of certain parts of another person's writing. This process is done bu constructing sentences using your own words,without changing the original meaning and also not removing any information.
Example :
Original sentence; "A writer must be able to organize a job properly so that he can produce quality articles continuously."
- Summary
Summary is a summary or summary of something such as writing, lectures, or lessons. However, the most frequently made summary is writing, both fiction and non-fiction. It can be from an article, scientific work, or literary work.
Example :
Professional and persuasive in communicating, objective in judging something. Critical thinking, creativity, and dynamic. Able to write articles with various themes, both social and scientific.
Can be directly involved in research to get accurate and complete writing results. With over five years of experience, I am able to pique people’s curiosity about events and the world through articles with high click bait and sales traffic.
11. GENERIC STRUCTURE OF VARIOUS TEXTS Based on generic structure and language feature dominantly used, texts are divided into several types. They are narrative, recount, descriptive, report, explanation, analytical exposition, hortatory exposition, procedure, discussion, review, anecdote, spoof, and news item. These variations are known as GENRES.
- NARRATIVE
Purpose: To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a storyGeneric Structure:1. Orientation2. Complication3. Resolution4. ReorientationDominant Language Features:1. Using Past Tense2. Using action verb3. Chronologically arranged
- RECOUNT
Purpose: to retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past eventGeneric Structure:1. Orientation2. Event(s)3. Reorientation
12. THE USE OF MANY, MUCH, SOME, ANY, A FEW, A LITTLE Many Many digunakan untuk benda-benda yang bisa dihitung (countable noun)
Example:
How many fruit you take from refrigerator? (Berapa banyak buah yang Anda ambil dari kulkas?) Many people asked me if I have got married or not. (Banyak orang bertanya apakah saya sudah menikah atau belum)
- Much
Much digunakan untuk benda-benda yang tak dapat dihitung, dan untuk menghitungnya diperlukan suatu takaran/timbangan dan ukuran tertentu. Patokan suatu benda tidak dapat dihitung adalah jika untuk menghitungnya harus menggunakan alat bantu. seperti liter, rupiah, kilogram
Example: You took too much sugar in your tea, it’s not good for your health. (Anda mengambil terlalu banyak gula dalam teh Anda, itu tidak baik untuk kesehatan Anda) We need much sand to build a big building. (Kami membutuhkan banyak pasir untuk membangun gedung besar)
- Some
Some/ beberapa digunakan pada kata benda yang bisa dihitung [countable noun] dan tidak bisa dihitung [uncountable noun]. Tetapi untuk kalimat Positif/Affirmative/Pernyataan, Penawaran, permintaan, dan pertanyaan jika kamu berharap pertanyaannya dijawab “Yes/ya”.
Example : I have some friends to be visited next week. (Saya punya beberapa teman untuk dikunjungi minggu depan) The seller pour some milk into the porridge. (Penjual menuangkan susu ke dalam bubur) - Any
Any/ beberapa digunakan pada kata benda yang bisa dihitung [countable noun] dan tidak bisa dihitung [uncountable noun]. penggunaannya untuk kalimat negatif atau pertanyaan.
Example:Have you got any bananas? No, we haven’t got any. But we’ve got some oranges. (Apakah Anda punya pisang? Tidak, kami tidak punya. Tapi kami punya beberapa jeruk) Do you have any idea to solve this problem? (Apakah Anda punya ide untuk memecahkan masalah ini?) - A Few
A few atau Little artinya sedikit. A few untuk kata benda yang dapat dihitung.
Example :
have got a few friends in a day. (punya beberapa teman dalam sehari) I have saved a little money in this month. (Saya telah menabung sedikit uang di bulan ini) - A little
A little digunakan untuk menyatakan jumlah suatu benda yang berjumlah sedikit. A little digunakan pada kondisi positif (memiliki makna yang positif) dalam artian meskipun jumlahnya sedikit itu tidak akan menjadi masalah dan digunakan untuk uncountable nouns.A little + Uncountable nouns
Example :
There is a little milk in the refrigerator (Ada sedikit susu di lemari es)I have a little money, but that’s okay (Saya punya sedikit uang, tapi tidak apa-apa)
13. OBLIGATION, PERMISSION, SUGGESTION- Obligation
Obligation is an expression or expression used to give a statement regarding strict rules, obligations or advice.- Must
Rumus 1Subject + MUST+ Verb + Object
Rumus 1Subject + MUST BE+ Adjective/Noun/Adverb
Example :
-You must wear a uniform. (Kamu harus mengenakan seragam)
-You must arrive on time. (Kamu harus tiba tepat waktu)- Have to
Rumus FutureSubject + will have to+ verb
Rumus past Subject + had to + verb
Example : -You have to tidy up the bedroom before going to school. (Kamu harus merapikan tempat tidur sebelum pergi ke sekolah)
-I have to do my task soon. (Saya harus segera mengerjakan tugas.)Need toRumus Subject + need to / needs to+ verb + verb +object
Example :-We need to know more about how to manage finances. (Kita harus mengetahui lebih banyak tentang bagaimana mengelola keuangan)
-You need to replace your bag with new ones. (Kamu perlu mengganti tasmu dengan yang baru)
2. Permission (Kata meminta izin)
Example :-Mom, may I have a new bicycle this year, please? (Bu, bolehkah aku mendapatkan sepeda batu tahun ini, kumohon?)
-May I have a break tomorrow sir? (Bolehkah saya cuti besok pak?)
3. Suggestion
Suggestions are expressions used to express how to ask and give advice to others.
Example : I suggest you to brush your teeth before bed. (Saya sarankan kamu untuk menyikat gigi sebelum tidur) I suggest you to take exercise everyday. (Saya sarankan kamu untuk melakukan olahraga tiap hari)
14. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENSE- Active
The candidate believes that Congress must place a ceiling on the budget. Example :She prepares dinner. She knows him. Juice fills the jar. - Passive
It is believed by the candidate that a ceiling must be placed on the budget by Congress.
Example:The dinner is preparrd by her. He is known to her. The jar is filled with juice.
15. PHRASAL VERB Phrasal verbs are phrases whose contents are a combination of a verb and a preposition or adverb (description). Usually, the phrases resulting from the combination create a new meaning that you will often encounter in everyday English conversations.
Example :Blow up (Meledak) Bring Up (Menyampaikan) Come up with (Berkontribusi/memberikan)Dress up (berdandan/berpakaian)Giveaway (Memberikan/menghadiahkan) Turn on (Menghidupkan/menyalakanWake up (Bangun)
16. CONDITIONAL SENTENSE, ADJECTIVE ENDING -ING AND -ED- Conditional Sentense (Kalimat pengandaian)
Terdapat 4 jenis conditional sentence yang masing-masing jenisnya menggunakan bentuk tenses yang berbeda. Akan tetapi, pada dasarnya semua conditional sentence terdiri atas if clause dan main clause.
1. Conditional Sentence Tipe 0
Conditional sentence tipe 0 digunakan untuk menyatakan sebab akibat akan sebuah fakta yang sudah umum diketahui kebenarannya. Jika hal A terjadi, maka akan menyebabkan hal
Rumus:
If + simple present tense, simple present tense
Simple present tense + if + simple present tense
Example :
If you heat butter, it melts.The ground gets wet if it rains.
2. Conditional Sentence Tipe 1
Conditional sentence tipe 1 digunakan untuk mengekspresikan suatu hal yang sangat besar kemungkinannya terjadi di waktu yang akan datang jika kita melakukan sesuatu.
Rumus:
If + simple present tense, simple future tense
Simple future tense + if + simple present tense
Example :
If you go now, you will arrive there on time.I will buy a new bike if I pass the exam.
3. Conditional Sentence Tipe 2
Conditional sentence tipe 2 digunakan untuk mengungkapkan sesuatu yang tidak realistis atau sangat kecil kemungkinannya untuk terjadi. Karena itu, tipe ini cocok untuk menyatakan angan-angan kita.
Rumus:
If + simple past, present conditional
Present conditional + if + simple past
Example :
If I lived in Seoul, tonight I would go to that concert. (Kenyataannya saya tidak tinggal di Seoul, sehingga saya tidak bisa pergi ke konser itu)I would play roller coaster every day if I owned a theme park. (Kenyataannya saya tidak memiliki taman bermain sendiri, jadi saya tidak bisa bermain roller coaster setiap hari)
4. Conditional Sentence Tipe 3
Conditional sentence tipe 3 digunakan untuk menyampaikan pengandaian atas kejadian yang sudah terjadi di masa lalu. Karena sudah terjadi dan tidak bisa diubah lagi kenyataannya, kita hanya bisa mengungkapkan pengandaian apa yang akan terjadi jika kejadian tersebut berjalan berbeda dari kenyataan.
Rumus:
If + past perfect, perfect conditional
Perfect conditional + if + past perfect
Example :
If I had left my house earlier, I wouldn’t have missed the train. (Kenyataannya saya telat berangkat dari rumah, sehingga saya ketinggalan kereta)If she had called me yesterday, I would have been happy. (Kenyatannya kemarin dia tidak menelpon, sehingga saya sekarang tidak merasa senang).
2. PRESENT TENSE, PAST TENSE, FUTURE TENSE
1.) Present Tense
Secara umum, rumus simple present tense adalah Subject + Verb 1(s/es) + Complement untuk kalimat positif dengan pola verbal. Kalau polanya nominal, maka rumus present tense menjadi Subject + auxiliary verb (to be) + Complement.
Example : Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia (Indonesia adalah negara di Asia Tenggara).
2.) Past Tense
Secara umum, rumus simple past tense adalah subject + verb 2 + object + complement.
Example : My mom and I went to the zoo yesterday (Saya dan ibu pergi ke kebun binatang kemarin)
3.) Future Tense
Will/Shall + Subject + Verb. Keterangan: "Will" digunakan untuk I, You, We, They, He, She, dan It. "Shall" hanya digunakan untuk I, dan We.
Example : Are they going to go to Dufan tomorrow ? (Apakah mereka akan pergi ke Dufan besok ?)
3. ADVERB OF FREQUENCY, SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS TENSE
1.) Adverb of Frequency
Adverb of Frequency adalah sebuah kata atau frasa yang mengekspresikan seberapa sering kegiatan tersebut dilakukan oleh seseorang. Frasa yang akan kita temukan dalam Adverb of Frequency ini di antaranya adalah daily, weekly, often, rarely, dan lain sebagainya.
Example :
I and my family go to the zoo every week to see our favorite orang utan.our favorite animals. (Saya dan keluarga saya pergi ke kebun binatang setiap minggu untuk melihat hewan favorit kami.)
2.) Continuous Tense
Rumusnya adalah e (am/are/is) + subject + verb1-ing + complement. Untuk contoh kalimatnya, kita masih menggunakan kalimat awal yang diubah menjadi kalimat tanya atau interogatif yes/no question, ya.
e (am/are/is) + subject + verb1-ing + complement
Example : I am reading an English book now. (Saya sedang membaca buku Bahasa Inggris sekarang).
4. PAST PERFECT TENSE
Past perfect tense is a change in the form of the verb to express that there was an event or action that was completed at a point in the past, before any other action (in the past too) occurred.
Example :
(+) When I arrived in Jakarta, Rara had already returned to Bandung. (Ketika Jakarta, Rara sudah kembali ke Bandung).
(-) She had not studied Japanese before she moved to Japan. (Dia tidak belajar bahasa Jepang sebelum dia pindah ke Jepang).
(?) Had your father watched the movie before they gone home? (Apakah ayahmu sudah menonton film ketika mereka pulang?)
5. SOCIAL EXPRESSIONS
Expressions in English and common sayings are very important to learn for every English speaker. As with Indonesian, English also has its own words to express something.
Example :
A: Bye! Have a nice day!
B: Thanks. Same to you. See you later.
A: Right! At about four o'clock?
B: Well, er...school doesn't finish till four.
A: Oh, OK! See you about 4:30, then!
6. SUFFIXES
Suffixes is an element of a word affix that is placed at the end of a rooted word. Adding these word elements will form a different meaning in words that are given endings. When a word is given a suffixes, the word will experience a change in word class.
Example :
Noun Suffixes : acy, age, al, an, ant, ary, ate, action, er, ing.
Contoh kata turunan : Happiness, kingdom.
Verb suffixes : ate, en, er
7. COMPOUND WORDS
Compound words is occur when two orang more words combine to form one individual word or a phrase that acts as one individual word. Common examples of compound words include ice cream, firefighter, and up-to-date.
Example :
- Real estate
- Attorney general
- Half brother
- Living room
- Break down
- Catch up
- Give away
- Rocking chair
- Parking lot
- Bus stop
8. CAPTION
Caption text is a short text that is used to complete an image. Writing captions that are embedded under photos or pictures are usually written with a mature mind so that the upload can be liked by people who see it.
Jenis-jenis caption :
- Identification
- Grup Caption
- Story Telling
- Summary
- Quote
- Cutline
- Expanded
- Generic Structure Caption Text
- Title
- Lead
- Section heading
Example :
- Identification Caption
“Indonesian badminton player wins gold medal in 2021 Olympics.” (Pemain Bulu Tangkis Indonesia raih medali emas Olimpiade 2021).
- Group Caption
“Beyonce and her daughter were seen in Los Angeles attending a wedding. They both wore pink dresses and were seen entering the venue with Kim Kardashian and Kanye West.” (Beyonce dan putrinya terlihat di Los Angeles menghadiri pernikahan. Mereka berdua mengenakan gaun pink dan terlihat memasuki venue bersama Kim Kardashian dan Kanye West).
- Summary Caption
“This aerial picture shows the graves of victims of the COVID-19 coronavirus at the Okunoin cemetery in Japan on August 7, 2021.” (Gambar udara ini menunjukkan kuburan korban virus corona COVID-19 di pemakaman Okunoin di Jepang pada 7 Agustus 2021).
- Quote Caption
‘Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration’ – Thomas Edison. (Jenius adalah satu persen inspirasi dan 99 persen keringat).
- Cutline Caption
“Rachmawati Soekarnoputri, the second daughter of Sukarno visits residents of the Luar Batang area of North Jakarta on May 26, 2015.” (Rachmawati Soekarnoputri, putri kedua Soekarno mengunjungi warga kawasan Luar Batang Jakarta Utara pada 26 Mei 2015).
- Expanded Caption
British journalist Martin Bashir arrives at Santa Barbara County Superior Court in Santa Maria to be the first witness to be called at Michael Jackson’s child sex abuse trial. The BBC was under pressure on May 21, 2021, after unprecedented criticism from the royal family about its 1995 interview with princess Diana, damaging its reputation as it fights attacks on several fronts. (The Jakarta Post).
9. SKIMMING AND SCANNING
As the name implies, scan means "to scan", aka "to look carefully". In text skimming, we read quickly without looking at details. While the scanning reading technique is a way of reading text quickly and carefully to find the specific information you need.
Example :
- Skimming example :
when someone reads an article without reading the full article. What you get and read is the main point of the article. Another example could be reading opinions or news in newspapers or newspapers
- Scanning example :
Watching public transportation lines such as trains to get to the desired place. For example, someone who wants to go to the Rumah Bambu tourist spot in West Bandung can carry out the scanning process by looking at the map on the Google Maps application without having to know the entire map.
10. MAKING INFERENCES, PARAPHRASING, SUMMARY
- Making Inferences
Making an inference involves using what you know to make a guess about what you don't know or reading between the lines. Readers who make inferences use the clues in the text along with their own experiences to help them figure out what is not directly said, making the text personal and memorable.
Example :
if you notice someone making a disgusted face after they've taken a bite of their lunch, you can infer that they do not like it
- Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is the rewriting of certain parts of another person's writing. This process is done bu constructing sentences using your own words,without changing the original meaning and also not removing any information.
Example :
Original sentence; "A writer must be able to organize a job properly so that he can produce quality articles continuously."
- Summary
Summary is a summary or summary of something such as writing, lectures, or lessons. However, the most frequently made summary is writing, both fiction and non-fiction. It can be from an article, scientific work, or literary work.
Example :
Professional and persuasive in communicating, objective in judging something. Critical thinking, creativity, and dynamic. Able to write articles with various themes, both social and scientific.
Can be directly involved in research to get accurate and complete writing results. With over five years of experience, I am able to pique people’s curiosity about events and the world through articles with high click bait and sales traffic.
11. GENERIC STRUCTURE OF VARIOUS TEXTS
Based on generic structure and language feature dominantly used, texts are divided into several types. They are narrative, recount, descriptive, report, explanation, analytical exposition, hortatory exposition, procedure, discussion, review, anecdote, spoof, and news item. These variations are known as GENRES.
- NARRATIVE
Purpose: To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Complication
3. Resolution
4. Reorientation
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Chronologically arranged
- RECOUNT
Purpose: to retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Reorientation
12. THE USE OF MANY, MUCH, SOME, ANY, A FEW, A LITTLE Many
Many digunakan untuk benda-benda yang bisa dihitung (countable noun)
Example:
How many fruit you take from refrigerator? (Berapa banyak buah yang Anda ambil dari kulkas?)
Many people asked me if I have got married or not. (Banyak orang bertanya apakah saya sudah menikah atau belum)
- Much
Much digunakan untuk benda-benda yang tak dapat dihitung, dan untuk menghitungnya diperlukan suatu takaran/timbangan dan ukuran tertentu. Patokan suatu benda tidak dapat dihitung adalah jika untuk menghitungnya harus menggunakan alat bantu. seperti liter, rupiah, kilogram
Example:
You took too much sugar in your tea, it’s not good for your health. (Anda mengambil terlalu banyak gula dalam teh Anda, itu tidak baik untuk kesehatan Anda)
We need much sand to build a big building. (Kami membutuhkan banyak pasir untuk membangun gedung besar)
- Some
Some/ beberapa digunakan pada kata benda yang bisa dihitung [countable noun] dan tidak bisa dihitung [uncountable noun]. Tetapi untuk kalimat Positif/Affirmative/Pernyataan, Penawaran, permintaan, dan pertanyaan jika kamu berharap pertanyaannya dijawab “Yes/ya”.
Example :
I have some friends to be visited next week. (Saya punya beberapa teman untuk dikunjungi minggu depan)
The seller pour some milk into the porridge. (Penjual menuangkan susu ke dalam bubur)
- Any
Any/ beberapa digunakan pada kata benda yang bisa dihitung [countable noun] dan tidak bisa dihitung [uncountable noun]. penggunaannya untuk kalimat negatif atau pertanyaan.
Example:
Have you got any bananas? No, we haven’t got any. But we’ve got some oranges. (Apakah Anda punya pisang? Tidak, kami tidak punya. Tapi kami punya beberapa jeruk)
Do you have any idea to solve this problem? (Apakah Anda punya ide untuk memecahkan masalah ini?)
- A Few
A few atau Little artinya sedikit. A few untuk kata benda yang dapat dihitung.
Example :
have got a few friends in a day. (punya beberapa teman dalam sehari)
I have saved a little money in this month. (Saya telah menabung sedikit uang di bulan ini)
- A little
A little digunakan untuk menyatakan jumlah suatu benda yang berjumlah sedikit. A little digunakan pada kondisi positif (memiliki makna yang positif) dalam artian meskipun jumlahnya sedikit itu tidak akan menjadi masalah dan digunakan untuk uncountable nouns.
A little + Uncountable nouns
Example :
There is a little milk in the refrigerator (Ada sedikit susu di lemari es)
I have a little money, but that’s okay (Saya punya sedikit uang, tapi tidak apa-apa)
13. OBLIGATION, PERMISSION, SUGGESTION
- Obligation
Obligation is an expression or expression used to give a statement regarding strict rules, obligations or advice.
- Must
Rumus 1
Subject + MUST+ Verb + Object
Rumus 1
Subject + MUST BE+
Adjective/Noun/Adverb
Example :
-You must wear a uniform. (Kamu harus mengenakan seragam)
-You must arrive on time. (Kamu harus tiba tepat waktu)
- Have to
Rumus Future
Subject + will have to+ verb
Rumus past
Subject + had to + verb
Example :
-You have to tidy up the bedroom before going to school. (Kamu harus merapikan tempat tidur sebelum pergi ke sekolah)
-I have to do my task soon. (Saya harus segera mengerjakan tugas.)
Need to
Rumus
Subject + need to / needs to+ verb + verb +object
Example :
-We need to know more about how to manage finances. (Kita harus mengetahui lebih banyak tentang bagaimana mengelola keuangan)
-You need to replace your bag with new ones. (Kamu perlu mengganti tasmu dengan yang baru)
2. Permission (Kata meminta izin)
Example :
-Mom, may I have a new bicycle this year, please? (Bu, bolehkah aku mendapatkan sepeda batu tahun ini, kumohon?)
-May I have a break tomorrow sir? (Bolehkah saya cuti besok pak?)
3. Suggestion
Suggestions are expressions used to express how to ask and give advice to others.
Example :
I suggest you to brush your teeth before bed. (Saya sarankan kamu untuk menyikat gigi sebelum tidur)
I suggest you to take exercise everyday. (Saya sarankan kamu untuk melakukan olahraga tiap hari)
14. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENSE
- Active
The candidate believes that Congress must place a ceiling on the budget.
Example :
She prepares dinner.
She knows him.
Juice fills the jar.
- Passive
It is believed by the candidate that a ceiling must be placed on the budget by Congress.
Example:
The dinner is preparrd by her.
He is known to her.
The jar is filled with juice.
15. PHRASAL VERB
Phrasal verbs are phrases whose contents are a combination of a verb and a preposition or adverb (description). Usually, the phrases resulting from the combination create a new meaning that you will often encounter in everyday English conversations.
Example :
Blow up (Meledak)
Bring Up (Menyampaikan)
Come up with (Berkontribusi/memberikan)
Dress up (berdandan/berpakaian)
Giveaway (Memberikan/menghadiahkan)
Turn on (Menghidupkan/menyalakan
Wake up (Bangun)
16. CONDITIONAL SENTENSE, ADJECTIVE ENDING -ING AND -ED
- Conditional Sentense (Kalimat pengandaian)
Terdapat 4 jenis conditional sentence yang masing-masing jenisnya menggunakan bentuk tenses yang berbeda. Akan tetapi, pada dasarnya semua conditional sentence terdiri atas if clause dan main clause.
1. Conditional Sentence Tipe 0
Conditional sentence tipe 0 digunakan untuk menyatakan sebab akibat akan sebuah fakta yang sudah umum diketahui kebenarannya. Jika hal A terjadi, maka akan menyebabkan hal
Rumus:
If + simple present tense, simple present tense
Simple present tense + if + simple present tense
Example :
If you heat butter, it melts.
The ground gets wet if it rains.
2. Conditional Sentence Tipe 1
Conditional sentence tipe 1 digunakan untuk mengekspresikan suatu hal yang sangat besar kemungkinannya terjadi di waktu yang akan datang jika kita melakukan sesuatu.
Rumus:
If + simple present tense, simple future tense
Simple future tense + if + simple present tense
Example :
If you go now, you will arrive there on time.
I will buy a new bike if I pass the exam.
3. Conditional Sentence Tipe 2
Conditional sentence tipe 2 digunakan untuk mengungkapkan sesuatu yang tidak realistis atau sangat kecil kemungkinannya untuk terjadi. Karena itu, tipe ini cocok untuk menyatakan angan-angan kita.
Rumus:
If + simple past, present conditional
Present conditional + if + simple past
Example :
If I lived in Seoul, tonight I would go to that concert. (Kenyataannya saya tidak tinggal di Seoul, sehingga saya tidak bisa pergi ke konser itu)
I would play roller coaster every day if I owned a theme park. (Kenyataannya saya tidak memiliki taman bermain sendiri, jadi saya tidak bisa bermain roller coaster setiap hari)
4. Conditional Sentence Tipe 3
Conditional sentence tipe 3 digunakan untuk menyampaikan pengandaian atas kejadian yang sudah terjadi di masa lalu. Karena sudah terjadi dan tidak bisa diubah lagi kenyataannya, kita hanya bisa mengungkapkan pengandaian apa yang akan terjadi jika kejadian tersebut berjalan berbeda dari kenyataan.
Rumus:
If + past perfect, perfect conditional
Perfect conditional + if + past perfect
Example :
If I had left my house earlier, I wouldn’t have missed the train. (Kenyataannya saya telat berangkat dari rumah, sehingga saya ketinggalan kereta)
If she had called me yesterday, I would have been happy. (Kenyatannya kemarin dia tidak menelpon, sehingga saya sekarang tidak merasa senang).